Corrections and Retractions

The IOASD Journal of Business and Management Studies is committed to maintaining the accuracy, transparency, and integrity of published scholarly content. The journal follows established publication ethics principles when addressing errors, research misconduct, and concerns affecting published articles.

Corrections
The journal may publish corrections for errors in author details, affiliations, figures, tables, references, data, or other information that does not invalidate the main findings. Approved corrections will be published as formal notices linked to the original article.

Retractions
An article may be retracted in cases of plagiarism, duplicate publication, data fabrication, falsification, serious research misconduct, ethical violations, or major errors that invalidate its findings. A formal retraction notice explaining the reason will be published and linked to the original article. The original article will normally remain accessible with a clear retraction notice.

Expressions of Concern
The journal may issue an Expression of Concern when credible allegations or questions arise regarding a published article but an investigation is incomplete or insufficient evidence is available for a final decision.

Article Withdrawal
Authors may request manuscript withdrawal before formal publication by submitting a written explanation to the Editorial Office. Published articles will ordinarily be handled through correction or retraction procedures rather than withdrawal.

Investigation and Editorial Decisions
All reported concerns will be assessed fairly and confidentially. The journal may contact authors, request supporting data, consult independent experts, or contact relevant institutions. Decisions will be based on available evidence and applicable publication ethics standards.

Reporting Concerns
Authors, readers, reviewers, and other interested parties may report errors or suspected misconduct to the Editorial Office with relevant article details and supporting evidence. All reports will be reviewed appropriately.

Publication of Notices
Corrections, retractions, and Expressions of Concern will be published as formal notices, linked to the original articles, and made freely accessible. Relevant article records and metadata will be updated where applicable.

The IOASD Journal of Business and Management Studies is committed to responsible editorial practices and preserving the integrity of the scholarly record.