Assessment of the Stigmatization and Discrimination of Psychiatric Clients Receiving Care in Selected Neuropsychiatric Hospitals in Rivers State, Nigeria

Abstract

Background: Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness remain major global public health concerns and significant barriers to healthcare access and effective illness management. Beyond the challenges of mental illness itself, affected individuals may experience social isolation, low self-esteem, social anxiety, and difficulties obtaining employment and housing. Aim: This study examined stigmatization and discrimination among clients receiving care in selected neuropsychiatric hospitals in Rivers State, Nigeria. Specifically, it identified prevalent forms, contributing factors, and impacts of stigmatization and discrimination among psychiatric clients. Method: A descriptive non-experimental survey design was employed. The study was conducted at Neuropsychiatric Hospital Rumuigbo and the Neuropsychiatric Department of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. A sample of 150 respondents was determined using Taro Yamane's formula and selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire covering sociodemographic characteristics, forms of stigma and discrimination, contributing factors, and impacts. Data were analysed using frequencies, percentages, means on a five-point Likert scale, and chi-square statistics. Results: Respondents were predominantly aged 18–25 years (43%) and female (59%). Common experiences included negative assumptions about clients because of their mental health condition (mean = 2.86), denial of opportunities or services (mean = 2.62), and social isolation (mean = 2.73). Major contributing factors were stereotypes and misconceptions about mental health conditions (mean = 3.34) and fear and inadequate knowledge about mental health (mean = 3.20). Significant impacts included strained relationships with healthcare professionals and other patients (mean = 3.25) and feelings of shame and low self-esteem (mean = 2.99). However, the relationship between stigmatization/discrimination and its impact was not statistically significant, χ²(4, N = 150) = 3.212, p = 0.360. Conclusion: Stigma and discrimination negatively affect the wellbeing and recovery of psychiatric clients. Rehabilitation centres, peer support groups, mental health education, and policies protecting employment opportunities are recommended.