Coagulation Disorders in Early Childhood: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Clinical Implications: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Coagulation disorders in early childhood represent a critical group of hemostatic abnormalities that can lead to significant bleeding or thrombotic events. These disorders arise from both inherited defects, such as hemophilia and von Willebrand disease, and acquired conditions like vitamin K deficiency and disseminated intravascular coagulation. The unique developmental physiology of the pediatric coagulation system adds complexity to their pathophysiology and clinical presentation, requiring age-specific considerations for accurate diagnosis and management. Diagnosis of coagulation disorders in young children relies on a combination of thorough clinical assessment and targeted laboratory investigations. Screening tests such as prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time must be interpreted within pediatric reference ranges, and confirmatory factor assays and genetic tests are often necessary. Early identification of these disorders is essential to initiate appropriate therapies, prevent complications, and improve quality of life. The clinical implications of coagulation disorders in early childhood are profound, ranging from life-threatening hemorrhages to venous thromboembolism. Management strategies must be tailored to the child’s specific disorder, balancing efficacy and safety in a population with unique physiological needs. This review emphasizes the importance of multidisciplinary care, timely diagnosis, and advances in treatment approaches to optimize outcomes in affected children.